3rd Party Candidates :: essays research papers

The political animation by Nick Anderson delineates Ralph Nader remaining at a platform tending to American society’s â€Å"throw away mentality†. In the interim a resident out of sight is making her choice for the green party behind him. Unexpectedly, the voting form drops into a waste crate, in this manner a squandered vote. We presently understand that Nader isn't discussing the earth, however tending to the issue of how the overall population sees votes in favor of outsider up-and-comers. This illustrator feels that we should change our perspectives on outsider competitors and decision in favor of who we think would make the best president, in spite of there possibility of winning or not. In late history no outsider up-and-comers have verged on getting a considerable number of votes in the presidential races. The last time a minor gathering had the option to win a presidential political race, was with Abraham Lincoln, in 1860. He was not really crusading under a minor gathering either; the Republican Party which he ran for had as of late dealt with the congress and was getting settled in the government. This is a key issue that outsiders must comprehend before they think about setting up a contender for president. The motivation behind why outsider up-and-comers don’t win in presidential races isn't on the grounds that they are unfit; it’s in light of the fact that the discretionary framework that we have set up makes colossal snags for them. One hindrance is that outsider competitors get uncalled for portrayal in political discussions on TV and another is that outsider up-and-comers experience difficulty activating their voters to get to the surveys. Regardless of what’s against outsiders they despite everything do figure out how to make some significant commitments in our political framework. One commitment is there capacity to move different party’s sees along the political range marginally. outsider Candidates :: expositions research papers The political animation by Nick Anderson portrays Ralph Nader remaining at a platform tending to American society’s â€Å"throw away mentality†. In the mean time a resident out of sight is making her choice for the green party behind him. Unexpectedly, the voting form drops into a waste container, consequently a squandered vote. We currently understand that Nader isn't discussing nature, yet tending to the issue of how the overall population sees votes in favor of outsider applicants. This sketch artist feels that we should change our perspectives on outsider competitors and decision in favor of who we think would make the best president, regardless of there possibility of winning or not. In ongoing history no outsider applicants have verged on getting a considerable number of votes in the presidential decisions. The last time a minor gathering had the option to win a presidential political decision, was with Abraham Lincoln, in 1860. He was not genuinely battling under a minor gathering either; the Republican Party which he ran for had as of late oversaw the congress and was getting entrenched in the central government. This is a key issue that outsiders must comprehend before they think about setting up a contender for president. The motivation behind why outsider up-and-comers don’t win in presidential decisions isn't on the grounds that they are unfit; it’s in light of the fact that the appointive framework that we have set up makes gigantic obstructions for them. One deterrent is that outsider applicants get unjustifiable portrayal in political discussions on TV and another is that outsider competitors experience difficulty activating their voters to get to the surveys. Notwithstanding what’s against outsiders they despite everything do figure out how to make some significant commitments in our political framework. One commitment is there capacity to move different party’s sees along the political range marginally.

How Laughter Benefits Our Health

Laughter is profitable and helpful to our wellbeing. Numerous masters concur that chuckling brings to various beneficial outcomes of mental nature, and furthermore it improves our state of being. For instance, as per an ongoing investigation of clinical scientists from the University of Maryland, giggling assists with keeping our facial muscles in tonus, brings down the dangers of coronary failure, improves our insusceptible framework, and so on. In addition, it was found that chuckling can assume the job of a pain relieving, ease torments, increment torment resilience limit, and this impact is a mental one, in light of the fact that no demonstrate of a related substance response was found (Reader’s Digest, 2005). Simultaneously, there are other mental results of chuckling. Elisabeth Scott, a pressure the board and family treatment authority, focuses on different beneficial outcomes of chuckling as one of the best instruments to control and deal with our burdens. Those incorporate chances to occupy and to redirect one’s consideration from outrage, melancholy, pressure, or other troubling feelings to amusing and euphoric things, and thusly to keep away from conceivable unsafe delayed consequences of stresses. Also, â€Å"..laughter gives a physical and passionate release,† it assists with unwinding, feel progressively good and cheerful (Scott, 2007). At last, giggling can be a decent exercise to improve own self-recognition and capacities to cooperate, in light of the fact that it encourages us build up great contact and mingle all the more adequately. Without a doubt, giggling is exceptionally sound for human brain research and psyche, since it assists with creating positive and excited air, structures hopeful viewpoints, just as animates great and chipper mind-set. Pros discovered that small kids snicker around 400 times each day, in any case, grown-up individuals chuckle just around 17 times each day (Scott, 2007). That is the reason it is crucial to join into our day by day schedule increasingly more of good yet controlled giggling, which will assist with ending this life less genuinely and spotlight on positive or empowering thoughts. References Chuckle Your Way to Good Health. (2005, September). Reader’s Digest. The Reader's Digest Association Inc. Recovered January 19, 2008 Scott, E. (2007, November 7). The Stress Management and Health Benefits of Laughter. About. About Inc., The New York Times Company. Recovered January 19, 2008, from ;http://stress.about.com/od/stresshealth/a/laughter.htm;.

Cognitive vs. Emotional Empathy

Cognitive vs. Emotional Empathy Theories Social Psychology Print Cognitive vs. Emotional Empathy By Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP twitter linkedin Jodi Clarke, LPC/MHSP is a licensed professional counselor and mental health service provider with over 20 years of experience in the field. Learn about our editorial policy Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 05, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 19, 2019 More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Why Empathy Matters Cognitive Empathy Emotional Empathy Is Empathy Genetic? Imbalance The Challenge Finding Balance View All Back To Top Remember the last time you were with a loved one who was feeling sad or hopeless? Maybe it was after a divorce after they received a life-altering diagnosis, or after the loss of a close loved one. Their tears create a response with us. We feel moved to want to comfort them somehow. When you sat with them during these times, it was likely that you felt a bit sad. We generally think of empathy as the capacity to place ourselves in another persons shoes, trying to gain a better understanding of their experience. Did you know that researchers have identified a few different forms of empathy? Two primary forms of empathy that have been identified and researched are cognitive empathy and emotional empathy (also known as effective empathy). Although they are quite different, both are equally important for helping us form and maintain connections with others. Verywell / Kelly Miller     Why Empathy Matters Empathy helps connect people, moving them toward each other in a helping and/or healing capacity. As Stephen Covey (acclaimed author and leadership expert) stated, When you show deep empathy toward others, their defense energy goes down and positive energy replaces it. Thats when you can get more creative in solving problems. As we live our lives at work and at home, we are continually interacting and balancing relationship dynamics. When we lack empathy, we are unable to develop and nurture those interpersonal connections, leading to strained relationships, broken trust, loss of relationships, and isolation. It becomes more difficult to repair conflicts, work collaboratively, or solve problems when we dont practice empathy. Our society relies on empathy to facilitate connections and forward movement. When the empathy piece is missing, we become more disconnected and less effective in our productivity and innovation of new ideas. Practicing empathy is important in a variety of relationship dynamics, such as those among: FamiliesSiblingsMarriagesDating RelationshipsFriendshipsCoworkersColleaguesBusiness partnersCommunity groups Two different kinds of empathy (cognitive and emotional) reveal the ways we are able to relate to a friend or family member in crisis. There are distinct differences between the two types of empathy. Cognitive Empathy Taking another persons perspective Imagining what its like in another persons shoes Understanding someones feelings Emotional Empathy Sharing an emotional experience Feeling distress in response to someones pain Feeling a willingness to help someone Cognitive Empathy When we practice cognitive empathy, we are practicing taking the perspective of another person. In essence, we are imagining what it might be like to actually be this person in their situation. Cognitive empathy is also referred to as perspective-taking, which lends itself to the idea of putting ourselves in someone elses shoes. With cognitive empathy, we are trying to tap into the idea of placing ourselves in someone elses situation and gaining a better understanding of his/her experience. In moments when someone we care about is hurting, it can be easy for us to maintain a distance from it because we can see the big picture. For example, if a friend doesnt get a job she interviewed for, you can most likely see her disappointment. However, you may also recognize that she is talented and will likely find a great job soon. On the other hand, when we are practicing cognitive empathy, we can meet people where they are and understand why they would be feeling sad or disappointed after not getting the job. We practice imagining what it might be like to be them at that moment, looking at the situation or circumstance from their perspective. Emotional Empathy Imagine sitting close to a loved one, such as your child, sibling, or close friend as he begins to cry. What he is experiencing likely has an impact on us, doesnt it? We might begin to feel sad as well. When we experience emotional empathy, we are moving from the cognitive perspective-taking into a shared emotional experience. Social psychology researchers Hodges and Davis describe emotional empathy in three parts: feeling the same emotion as the other personfeeling our own distress in response to their painfeeling compassion toward the other person They note that there is a positive correlation between emotional empathy and the willingness to help others. In other words, it is more likely that someone who finds it easy to practice emotional empathy will be moved to help that person in need as well. It might be easy to see the benefit of emotional empathy in the overall health and enjoyment of our most important relationships. Is Empathy Genetic? Research has found that the ability to practice empathy is influenced by genetics. In fact, it is consistently shown that women are more likely to pick up on emotional cues and more accurately discern emotions than men. In a research study conducted with the genetic testing and analysis company 23andMe, there was a specific genetic variant identified as related to our capacity to empathize, near the gene LRRN1 on chromosome 3, which is a highly active part of the brain called the striatum. It is suggested that activity in this part of the brain is connected with our ability to feel empathy. Although there is more research to be done, these findings are helping scientists discover more about the connections between genetic influence on the development and ability to feel empathy. Nature vs. Nurture Even though genetics have been found to influence our capacity for feeling empathy, there is much to say about our social learning experiences as well. You may have already heard the phrase nature vs. nurture. This phrase references a long-standing debate among researchers, arguing what they believe to have a greater influence on our behaviors, traits, and conditions. Some researchers suggest that genetics are the primary influence, while others believe that our environment and social interactions can help us develop things like empathy. Social Learning The social learning theory, developed by psychologist Albert Bandura, combines elements of cognitive learning theory and behavioral learning theory. It is suggested that people can increase their capacity for empathy through modeling and experiencing empathy from others. When a child has not had anyone give their emotional experiences any attention, time, or value, it is understandable how the child might likely continue to experience the world and relationships without this important skill of knowing how to empathize with others. The child would have missed out on things like: being able to observe someone practicing empathy to know what it looks likethe feeling of having someone empathize when they are in needhaving someone teach them the value of emotionslearning how to build meaningful connections with people Empathy helps to close an emotional gap between people, creating a connection and a shared experience. When we dont know what a shared emotional experience feels like with someone, it can be difficult to know how to do that with others. The inability to empathize can lead to trouble at work, in relationships, within families, and within society. Imbalance Too Much Empathy As beneficial and valuable as the skill of empathy is, it is suggested that too much empathy can be detrimental to ones emotional well-being, their health, and their relationships. Emotional empathy is a building block of connection between people. The shared emotional experience prompts us to move closer to someone, to comfort them, and to offer reassurance and help. However, emotional empathy means that our bodies are responding to the emotions we are experiencing while in the presence of the other person and their emotional experience. When there is a balanced practice of emotional empathy, we are able to allow space for sharing an emotional experience with another person while not letting our own emotional responses get in the way. When our vicarious emotional arousal becomes too great, it can get in the way of us being compassionate and empathizing. Feeling emotionally dysregulated can become overwhelming to us and result in us feeling burnt out and, ultimately, leave us not wanting to practice empathy because it feels too painful to be with someone else in their pain. Our ability to practice emotional empathy becomes a threat to our own well-being when it results in feelings of isolation, being misunderstood, and feeling inauthentic. Not Enough Empathy There are some people who are better with practicing cognitive empathy, yet who have a difficult time tapping into emotional empathy, as these two types of empathy are working from completely different systems of processing. This is the difference between cognitive processing and perspective-taking compared to emotional processing. When there is an imbalance of empathyâ€"leaning too heavily on cognitive empathy and not enough on emotional empathyâ€"our connections with people could feel strained. Although the person you are trying to help or comfort may sense that you have an understanding of her situation, which can certainly feel helpful, it may leave her with the impression that she is a bit misunderstood, unseen, or unheard. The important part of having a shared emotional experience with that person in the moment is missing when there is too much cognitive empathy and not enough emotional empathy being practiced. The following is a simple example of what this might look like: Example 1: Cognitive Empathy Loved One: My grandmother just died and we were really close. (Starts to cry.)Person Using Cognitive Empathy: Im sorry, I know you are sad. She is in a better place, though, dont you think? Example 2: Emotional Empathy Loved One: My grandmother just died and we were really close. (Starts to cry.)Person Using Emotional Empathy: Im sorry to hear about your grandmother. I know you miss her so much. Im here with you. (May become tearful or express sadness.) Within this very simplistic illustration, we can get a sense of what it might feel like for the other person if we stopped with cognitive empathy and dont bring in the emotional empathy piece to the interaction. The person receives the condolences for her grandmother passing away and knows you are trying to provide comfort; however, with example 1, there is no opportunity for the person to have a shared emotional experience with you. The shared emotional experience can feel quite comforting and healing to someone in need. The Challenge Practicing both cognitive and emotional empathy is challenging. It is believed that both can be learned with intentional and consistent practice. The unique challenge with emotional empathy is that in practicing, we are likely going to have to be vulnerable and in touch with our own emotional responses. The ability to regulate our own emotional distress will be key, but it is something that can be very difficult for people to do because of things such as: how we were raisedhow people treated us when we had emotional needswhat people around us taught us about emotionmessages we received about the value of emotionsfear of becoming overwhelmedfear of getting stuck in emotions with another person Finding Balance Cognitive and emotional empathy are wonderful partners and can be a fantastic pair when practiced with balance. The ability to take someones perspective and understand what it might be like to be him or her (cognitive empathy), as well as the ability to meet someone where he or she is emotionally and have a shared emotional experience (emotional empathy), can be a game-changer for most any relationship dynamic. When people feel seen, heard, and understood, using both cognitive and emotional empathy, we can do great things together. This empathetic balance helps allow for things like: CollaborationProblem SolvingCreativityEvaluationNegotiationIdentifying needsMeeting needsFeeling safeEmotional connectionTrust What You Can Do Do you want to improve your relationships with coworkers, your family members, friends, or your spouse? Practicing the balance of cognitive and emotional empathy can certainly help. Even if you feel you never learned how to empathize with others, or never had an experience of anyone empathizing with you, remember that skills of empathy can be learned. There are many things we can do to begin practicing empathy in our homes, our workplaces, and in our communities. Put Aside Your Own Viewpoints We often dont realize how much our experiences and own beliefs are influencing how we perceive people and situations. Slowing ourselves down a bit to put those things aside can help us focus on the person in front of us and help us tune in better to what is happening for him or her. Use Your Imagination As people share with you, try to imagine what it is like to be them. Use the images they are sharing, their emotions, or their circumstances and try to place yourself there, just to see what it might feel like to be them in these moments. Actively Listen Many times we try to listen to people while already developing our response or defense to what they are saying. Not only are we not able to hear what they are saying, but we often miss key pieces of information that can help us better understand what they are trying to convey. Give yourself permission to turn down the volume on your own voice and turn up the volume on the other persons voice. Be Curious It can be helpful to come from a place of curiosity about someone as they are sharing with you. As you ask them questions about their experiences, you are letting them know you are actively listening and that you want to understand. This helps people feel seen and heard and its a nice way to practice empathy. Dont Feel the Need to Fix When we are around someone in need, especially when they are experiencing challenging emotions, it can be easy for us to want to jump in and fix it. We dont like to see people hurting and we often to want to make them laugh, cheer them up, and help them look on the bright side. Even though you are trying to be helpful, this can leave people feeling unseen and unheard. Just offer space for people to share and remember that you are not responsible for fixing them. Benefits of Empathy

Essay on Themes in Nectar in a Sieve - 692 Words

In the novel, Nectar in a Sieve, the author, Kamala Markandaya creates various themes. One theme from the book is that tensions can be caused by modernization and industrial progress. This theme is highly prevalent throughout the story and broadens the reader’s outlook on modernization. Markandaya writes of a primitive village that is going through a severe change. Her ability to form a plethora of characters with different opinions, yet to share one main culture, helps highlight the tensions in the village. The story takes place in the country of India, which in the book was still primordial. At this point in time, the majority of citizens are believers in Hinduism. One common belief is that the cow is sacred and holy. This†¦show more content†¦With all of the ethical cultural issues, tensions are seen in Nectar in a Sieve. When the tannery is first built, Rukmani, also known as Ruku, describes the moment by stating, â€Å"There was a silence. In the unwo nted quiet we all wondered apprehensively what would happen next† (Markandaya 27). The intrusion of the tannery builders opens the citizens’ innocent and restricted eyes to the outside modern world. Once they figure out what occurs in a tannery Ruku is disgusted and yet Nathan tells her, â€Å"There is no going back. Bend like the grass, that you do not break† (28). In essence he is telling her simply to be flexible and not to pay the tannery any mind. Nathan finds this effortless to say at the moment; however, later on in the story when two of his sons inform him that instead of farming with him that they are going to work at the tannery, he does not take too well to this idea. Working for the tannery is a direct contradiction to their beliefs and Ruku is extremely opposed. With this being said, the family is in desperate need for money and food. With Arjun and Thambi working for the tannery, they make sufficient enough money to give some to their parent s to supply for the family. Ruku responds by admitting, â€Å"Yet they were good sons, considerate for us, patient with others, always giving us a fair share of their earnings† (52). Hereto, Rukmani is playing an emotional tug-of-war due to her religious beliefs and herShow MoreRelatedNectar : A Sieve By Kamala Purnaiya1532 Words   |  7 PagesNectar in a sieve is a narrative story about a young Indian woman struggling to survive in the midst of an intense urban development in her rural Indian village. The novel focuses on the factors that dramatically affect her marriage and livelihood. Markandaya’s novel greatly extenuates and reflects the real and relevant themes that correlate with today’s problems in society. Problems that include, poverty, family life and tradition v. change. She is a well known and famous literary Indian authorRead MoreNectar in a Sieve Analysis1222 Words   |  5 PagesAshley S. Dela Vià ±a English Nectar in a Sieve Novel Analysis K(What I know about the novel) | W(What I want to know about the novel) | L(What I learn from the novel) | Nectar in a Sieve is an Indian novel written by Kamala Markandaya. It is about a girl who was married at a young age to a farmer. And faced a lot of challenges throughout her life. | I want to know how the protagonist of the story will live her life as a wife. Also the struggles she will face and the things she would do andRead MoreNectar in a Sieve by Markandaya610 Words   |  2 Pagesâ€Å"Bend like the grass, that you do not break.† This quote, said by Nathan, shows that many characters do not fight for what they believe in, but rather, they let it happen, and acquiesce in their difficult situations. Nectar in a Sieve by Markandaya is a story about an Indian family living with demanding situations and trying to obtain food for their children, all while dealing with foreigners and a growing society. Numerous characters in the story accept issues and events that they cannot changeRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Nectar Of A Sieve1229 Words   |  5 PagesKamala Markandaya pub lished â€Å"Nectar in a Sieve† in 1954 in attempts to enlighten the world about how hard it was to live a rural Indian life in that time period. She tells this story through Rukmani, a woman who was given away in marriage at the age of twelve to a poor tenant farmer that she had never met. Rukmani is very obedient to her husband as she helps him work in the unyielding fields and is a wonderful, caring mother to her seven children. The struggles that Markandaya highlights in her bookRead MoreThe Theme of Alienation in Kamala Markandayas Fiction.2408 Words   |  10 PagesTHE THEME of ALIENATION IN KAMALA MARKANDAYA’S FICTION. By: Mrs. Asha Rai, Lecturer in English, Technocrats Institute of Technology, Bhopal. Alienation, which means emotional isolation or dissociation, has been a very common theme among modern writers. This alienation is a major offshoot of the industrial revolution. Today, it has taken deep roots in everyday life, in science, in philosophy, in psychology, sociology and literature- covering a large panorama of almost every aspect ofRead MoreSir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul was born in Chaguanas, Trinidad, on seventeen August 1932, the3000 Words   |  12 Pagesin Edgware Road exhorts him to jot down pieces on such subjects as â€Å"Characters at the Local†, however his one story, entitled â€Å"Escape†, reads only: â€Å"At the age of thirty-three, when he was already the daddy of 4 kids . . . † The novel’s principal theme of Indo-Trinidadian identity is additionally intimately associated with Naipaul’s own early expertise. His grandparent was a Brahmin from Uttar Pradesh, United Nations agency articled himself so as to show among the island’s Indian sugar staff. MrRead MoreNectar Of A Sieve By Kamala Munshi1125 Words   |  5 PagesDeeksha Bathini The book, Nectar in a Sieve by Kamala Markandaya, was published in 1954, approximately seven years after India gained independence from British colonial rule. Thus, it can be concluded that the book is either took place during the Raj Period or shortly after gaining independence. Rukmani, from a family of four daughters, was married off to a poor tenant farmer named Nathan at the mere age of twelve. The first year of their marriage brought rich profusion and wealth. The harvests wereRead MoreEssay about Tradition vs. Modernity,Amy Kramer1740 Words   |  7 Pagesfashion to the West, mutually asking to be not too little and not too much, but just right. (Prasad 37) The struggle of individuals caught between tradition and modernity, or between India and the west, is a very common theme in Indian literature. This struggle is evident in Nectar in a Sieve, as Rukmani often finds herself battling between her traditional views and opinions, and the various modern forces that seem to be taking over her life. On the one hand, Rukmani yearns for the traditional way of lifeRead MoreTradition vs. Modernity, Amy Kramer1750 Words   |  7 Pagesfashion to the West, mutually asking to be not too little and not too much, but just right. (Prasad 37) The struggle of individuals caught between tradition and modernity, or between India and the west, is a very common theme in Indian literature. This struggle is evident in Nectar in a Sieve, as Rukmani often finds herself battling between her traditional views and opinions, and the various modern forces that seem to be taking over her life. On the one hand, Rukmani yearns for the traditional way of lifeRead MoreJustice : Attainable Or Just Another Illusion?2051 Words   |  9 Pagesaccount of the nature of something† (). In the novels Nectar in a Sieve and Born on the Fourth of July, I was introduced to the idea of misrepresentation, which correlates with the theme of injustice, through the construction of the tannery and the glamorization of the Vietnam war. The lives of both of the main characters from each novel were drastically altered because of false entities that were disguised as supposed opportunities. In Nectar in a Sieve, the idea of the tannery was first introduce in

The Socio-Economics of the Industrial Revolution and Its...

In 1750, during the Industrial Revolution, over fourteen percent of the workforce in factories consisted of workers under fourteen years old (History.com Staff 9). With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, the social classes of America shifted tremendously. This shift of classes came from the arrival of machinery and factories from Britain. The new type of workforce that was required from industrialization gradually created a large gap of extremely wealthy people and poorer workers (the majority). This large gap of social classes would stand to cause a great economic growth in America, predominantly at the expense of the lower social classes. Social classes were shifted very abruptly during the Industrial Revolution due to the increase†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the wealthy, with a greater number of mass-produced goods, also had great material wealth. These factors contributed to the first major growth of a social class in the Industrial Revolution, the upper clas s. Another class that especially became prominent was the working class, or, better known as the â€Å"factory workers†. With the emergence of factories, jobs became more specialized, where workers would do more specific jobs in order for the whole factory to produce a product (Bragdon et. al. 316). Furthermore, workers would work longer hours, and get less pay. However, because of a greater competition for a job requiring an unskilled worker, workers could not argue the lower wages and longer hours. This class was typically slightly impoverished, although there was a greater availability of mass-produced goods. Workers, living in a highly populated city, would most commonly live in cramped apartments, where the factories were located. Living conditions would also be unsanitary, as everyone would live in close proximity of each other. This close proximity would also make many diseases and illnesses very infectious (History.com Staff 9). Additionally, the formation of the work ing class would also be the eventual downfall of the skilled working class, such as the shoe cobblers and blacksmiths. These types of workers would no longer be required if factories produced goods at a much higher rate than skilled workers could, and ifShow MoreRelatedThe American Renissance1169 Words   |  5 Pageslifestyle. Revolution is a fundamental change in society brought by people getting together for a common cause. Many revolutions had taken place in human history, led by different causes, situations and people. Some examples are like political revolution, socio-economic revolution industrial or commercial revolution, philosophical revolution, Cultural Revolution etc. Those revolutions vary in methods, motives, duration and its effects on society. Sometimes the intentions behind the revolution or movementRead MoreHow The Romantic Period Was Characterised By Political And Social Upheavals1318 Words   |  6 Pagesagricultural society to a modern industrial nation. Mor eover, the aristocracy s influence diminished, industry-owning middle classes grew. The Romantic epoch also witnesses revolution and war. First the American Civil War, followed by the French Revolution later. They brought concepts of popular freedom, and of the power of the proletariat. In England, these ideas were well received by radical thinkers. 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The events of the Industrial Revolution was based upon an economic foundation centered around factories, and was important because forRead MoreTechnological Advancements of the Victorian Period Essay1863 Words   |  8 PagesThe Industrial Revolution changed financial, political and social elements of Victorian society. The revolution can be broken down to the effects of social order and the economy, and the matter of the industrial revolution can then be looked into as parts. In the first stage, it contends the positive effect of the Industrial Revolution on economy and urbanization. There was a colossal benefit picked up from the Industrial Revolution by the privileged and the government. However, the working populationRead MoreIndustrial Sociology2647 Words   |  11 Pages1st chapter ( industrial sociology ) Introduction Industrial socio is a comparatively new term which gained popularly about the middle of the 20st Century. An independent branch of the Science of Sociology, the history of the industrial sociology has been traced to trade studies introduced by Elton Mayo and his associate between 1924 -32: Thus Elton Mayo; a known sociologist has been identified as the father of Industrial socio. Meaning The term’ industrial sociology includes two termsRead MoreSystematic Economic Change And Poverty Reduction1736 Words   |  7 PagesJames Stewart Matias Bianchi LAS/POL 364 11/2/2015 Systematic Economic Change and Poverty Reduction: The Effects of Governance on Inequality Liberalization is a term that has dominated the minds, and governments of Latin America from the advent of the region-encompassing debt-crisis of the 1980s. 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Mobile phones and Internet have brought people closer. The world is becoming a smaller place. Goods, which were once confined to western countries, are available across the globe. Work can be outsourced to any part of the world that has an Internet connection. Because of improvements in traffic infrastructure one is able to reach one s destination in a relatively short span of time. Globalization

Key Performance Indicators Free Essays

Key Performance Indicators Key Performance Indicators are a tool to measure performance. This may be the performance of an organisation or an individual. In the case of an individual’s performance, KPI’s consist of, â€Å"a list of characteristics associated with effective or superior performance in a particular job role† (smallPRINT Australia Pty Ltd, 2010, 20). We will write a custom essay sample on Key Performance Indicators or any similar topic only for you Order Now KPI’s clearly specify to employees what they are required to accomplish and how success will be measured. KPI’s will vary according to the specific roles and responsibilities of a position and the goals and objectives of an organisation. They are generally long-term with few changes made over an extended period of time (Reh, 2013). When writing KPI’s a range of key factors or competences considered essential to job performance should be taken into account. They should clearly explain what is to be done and how it will be quantifiably measured. In this way, an employee has something specific to aim for and is able to track progress and monitor performance (smallPRINT Australia Pty Ltd, 2010). KPI’s should be: S – specific and concise M – measureable A – ambitious (achievable yet challenging) R – related to overall department and enterprise goals T – time framed T – trackable or easily monitored (Cole, 2010) KPI’s enable individuals to determine how well they are performing and identify areas in need of improvement. This fosters individual accountability for performance and results. Overall, use of KPI’s ensures alignment between employees’ work and the goals and objectives of an organisation (Performance Management and KPIs, 2013). How to cite Key Performance Indicators, Essay examples Key Performance Indicators Free Essays Key Performance Indicators Key Performance Indicators are a tool to measure performance. This may be the performance of an organisation or an individual. In the case of an individual’s performance, KPI’s consist of, â€Å"a list of characteristics associated with effective or superior performance in a particular job role† (smallPRINT Australia Pty Ltd, 2010, 20). We will write a custom essay sample on Key Performance Indicators or any similar topic only for you Order Now KPI’s clearly specify to employees what they are required to accomplish and how success will be measured. KPI’s will vary according to the specific roles and responsibilities of a position and the goals and objectives of an organisation. They are generally long-term with few changes made over an extended period of time (Reh, 2013). When writing KPI’s a range of key factors or competences considered essential to job performance should be taken into account. They should clearly explain what is to be done and how it will be quantifiably measured. In this way, an employee has something specific to aim for and is able to track progress and monitor performance (smallPRINT Australia Pty Ltd, 2010). KPI’s should be: S – specific and concise M – measureable A – ambitious (achievable yet challenging) R – related to overall department and enterprise goals T – time framed T – trackable or easily monitored (Cole, 2010) KPI’s enable individuals to determine how well they are performing and identify areas in need of improvement. This fosters individual accountability for performance and results. Overall, use of KPI’s ensures alignment between employees’ work and the goals and objectives of an organisation (Performance Management and KPIs, 2013). How to cite Key Performance Indicators, Papers

Capital Maintenance Case of Trevor v Whitworth †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Capital Maintenance Case of Trevor v Whitworth. Answer: Capital Maintenance Doctrine is not a new concept and it has existed more than a decade. This is a doctrine that was first recognized in the case of Trevor v Whitworth in the year 1887. In this case, the judge argued that it is reasonable for a company to lose money in business transactions, and this is basically because of the risks involved in business (Armour 2000). However, it is not reasonable or acceptable for a company to engage in activities that will lead to a reduction of its capital. This is because it will be against the desire of investors and their reasons of investing in a company, which is capital growth. On this basis, it is possible to assert that the intention of the capital maintenance doctrine is to protect the capital that investors have invested in a company. However, in Ooregum Gold Mining v Roper, the court was of the opinion that capital maintenance doctrine is aimed at preserving and promoting the principle of limited liability (Hannigan 2015). The reasoning of the court is that a shareholder has a limited liability, and it is limited to the extent in the value of his shares. Therefore, reducing the capital of the organization may frustrate the ability of a company to pay off its debts. Moreover, the 2001 Corporation Act supports the doctrine of Capital Maintenance, and this is depicted in section 256A of the Act, which prevents the company from engaging in any activity that may threaten the financial position and stability of the company. Examples of these activities include financing the operations of other companies, engaging in the expensive process of purchasing buyback shares, etc (Borg 2015). In as much as the doctrine of capital maintenance is useful to creditors and shareholders, thelaw allows a company to reduce its capital in some circumstances. For instance, section 254 of the 2001 Corporations Act allows a company to reduce its capital, if it is a decision that is passed unanimously by its shareholders. When a company reduces the value of its capital after getting permission from the shareholders, the process must be transparent and equitable (Hanrahan, Ramsay and Stapledon 2013). Additionally, if the company becomes insolvent because of the reduction of its capital, the directors of the company would be held liable. Therefore, it is their responsibility to ensure that during the process, the value of liabilities does not exceed the value of its capital. Finally, in the case of Fowlers Vocola Manufacturing Company; it is acceptable for a company to reduce the value of its capital, if it seeks to refund investors their capital. References Armour, J., 2000. Share capital and creditor protection: Efficient rules for a modern company law.The ModernLaw Review, pp.355-378. Borg, D.J., 2015. The acquisition of own shares by limited liability companies. Hanrahan, P.F., Ramsay, I. and Stapledon, G.P., 2013. Commercial applications of company law. Hannigan, B., 2015.Company law. Oxford University Press,.

Benefits Of Creating Park In Heart Of Gainesville Tourism Essay Essay Example

Benefits Of Creating Park In Heart Of Gainesville Tourism Essay Essay The land on the corner of University Ave. and 13th Street is located in the bosom of Gainesville. For this ground, a park should be created here, instead than an flat composite. After a great trade of research, we have concluded that parks non merely advance healthy and active life styles for immature and old alike, but they besides serve to better the quality of life for a metropolis s public, every bit good as addition belongings value of nearby abodes. City Parkss are a really of import portion of a metropolis for legion grounds. One of these grounds is the money the metropolis can derive from the park. The park can non merely pay for itself after it is complete, but besides derive even more gross for the metropolis. This excess money could assist greatly increase the quality of life for citizens of Gainesville in legion ways. Anne Shwartz, a author for the Gotham Gazette, discusses a survey conducted in 2003 by Ernst A ; Young and New Yorkers for Parks. They conducted instance surveies for six different Parkss in New York City, and used informations from 30 other Parkss for their decisions. The survey found that belongings values in closer locality of the Parkss that were clean and good maintained were by and large greater than those farther off. Shwartz states that a 2008 analysis of the Hudson River Park showed that upon completion of a subdivision of the park, existent estate monetary values escalated in the nearest two blocks by approximately 20 per centum. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits Of Creating Park In Heart Of Gainesville Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits Of Creating Park In Heart Of Gainesville Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits Of Creating Park In Heart Of Gainesville Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Shwartz besides discusses the Central Park Effect, which was originated by the Appleseed for the Central Park Conservancy. There are 25 million visitants in Central Park per twelvemonth, of which one-fifth semen from outside the metropolis. This does nt merely increase the belongings values around the metropolis, but it besides generated $ 656 million in grosss for the metropolis in 2007. ( Shwartz, 2009 ) Harnik and Welle conducted a survey and wrote their determination in Measuring the Economic Value of a City Park System. In this survey, they looked at seven different ways that the Parkss provide economic benefits for the metropolis. One of the ways is increased belongings values closest to the Parkss and how that benefits the metropolis through revenue enhancements paid. They conducted a survey of the Parkss in Washington D.C. Their findings can be seen in Table 1 below. ( Harnik, Welle, 2006 ) Table 1 shows that a metropolis has a batch to derive from higher belongings revenue enhancements placed on abodes around Parkss. As stated before, values of the belongingss in the locality of parks addition. This means that the metropolis will derive more money from the belongings revenue enhancements placed on these belongingss. This money can be really good for the metropolis and can in bend be used to fund new educational plans for pupils, better the local substructure, and more. Harnik and Welle besides discuss the benefits coming from the direct usage of Parkss. They conducted a telephone study to gauge the money spent by every twenty-four hours visitants to parks in Boston. Their findings can be seen in Table 2, below. Table 2 ( Harnik, Welle, 2006 ) Table 2 shows the pecuniary addition for the metropolis from its usage by people. They split the activities people may execute in Parkss into three different subdivisions. Each type has a different mean value per visit. The information tabular array shows that over 350 million dollars were spent in the Parks. Since the survey was conducted in Boston, the existent amount of money for the direct usage of a park for Gainesville would be much less overall, since it is a much smaller metropolis. However, this money would still be really good to the metropolis. Harnik and Welle eventually discussed the pollution remotion value of Parkss. In a clip where great accent is placed on traveling green and working towards cleaning up the environment, the creative activity of a new park in Gainesville would be an highly welcome add-on to the cause. The leaf in the park will free the air of some pollution and do the metropolis a much cleansing agent and better topographic point to populate. As the junction of University Avenue and 13th Street is one of the busier intersections in Gainesville, the inclusion of a park on its northwest corner could be immeasurably advantageous. Harnik and Welle calculated the pecuniary payback of an environmentally friendly park, whose findings are displayed in Table 3. Table 3 ( Harnik, Welle, 2006 ) Table 3, above, shows that the values of the pollutants removed from Washington D.C. Parks is calculated to be over 19 million dollars. The fact that parks take air pollutants entirely is of great benefit to the metropolis, but its fiscal impact may be even greater. The investing that has to be put into making the park is much less than the benefits that the metropolis will derive from this. The metropolis will be much cleaner and will salvage money for it, and it will be able to set that money into good usage to greatly better the life of the citizens of Gainesville. Overall, Gainesville will be better off from both a wellness and a financial point of view if these programs for the creative activity of a new park are put into action. Park Design/Layout When planing the park, we took a figure of elements of art and scientific discipline into consideration to make an efficient and aesthetically delighting recreational country. Through the usage of dark colourss and several cardinal design rules, we achieved what we feel would be a good add-on to the Gainesville community. The affiliated park mock-up designs included in the appendix following the study depict precisely how we ve utilized colour and design rules to make an appealing and attractive park. The first of the cardinal design rules that we adhered to while in the planning phase of the park was balance. In peculiar, we focused our attending on making a symmetrical balance. The way that encircles the park s cardinal lawn was designed to incarnate this indispensable design rule. The arrangement of workss, trees and benches besides reflects our attempts to keep a proportioned sense of equilibrium. In order to decently foreground one of the focal points of the park, the fountain, we took advantage of the rule of passage. Small shrubs border the pavement to the North of the cardinal lawn. These smaller workss finally coincide with much larger trees that wrap around the fountain. The consequence helps to direct the spectator s oculus to the centre of the agreement, where the fountain lies. By following the rule of proportion, we were able to settle on a peculiar fountain that would absorb good and would function to heighten the belongings. The trees distributed throughout the park were besides selected based upon size, to guarantee that they were neither excessively big nor excessively little in relation to the park as a whole. Our design squad used repeat to make beat in the park. The perennial usage of similar works life with indistinguishable signifier and colour helps cut down confusion in the park s overall layout and design. In order to avoid making a littered or busy visual aspect in such a little country, it was indispensable to utilize a great trade of repeat. The arrangement of unvarying benches helped the park attain integrity, every bit good. Since the two design rules go hand-in-hand, simpleness was achieved by extinguishing extra and unneeded item. ( Ingram, 1991 ) Rather than confound park-goers perceptual experience with excessively much assortment of item, we elected to cut down the overall design to its simplest, functional signifier. Not merely does this make a more practical recreational country for the citizens of Gainesville to bask, but it besides helps to avoid unneeded cost and care. The concluding rule of park design that we observed is that of attraction. It is indispensable that a park be appealing and ask foring. ( Ingram, 1991 ) Not merely will the park s attraction spruce up an otherwise dull street corner, it has been designed with enduring entreaty in head. Rather than making a seasonal or impermanent park, we have designed one that will be tempting to park departers year-round. Planned with lastingness in head, our design non merely renders a beautiful park, but it besides ensures that any possible hereafter care will non put a dearly-won load on the metropolis of Gainesville. Projection of Long Term Effectss The design of the park was created with occupants of different ages, races, faiths and economic backgrounds in head. Hence, we have projected that the short-run and long-run benefits of this park will impact many persons in the Gainesville community. The park will better the overall quality of life of the community by supplying a merriment, loosen uping and safe topographic point to travel. A park has the ability to make a strong sense of community. This is genuinely important because research has shown that strong sense of community reflects in greater feelings of safety and security and in increased degrees of vote, recycling, assisting others, and volunteering ( Calgary, 2001 ) . Since the park would be located in the bosom of Gainesville this strong sense of community would non merely distribute to the park s nearby occupants but to all of the country s frequent visitants. Constructing a park on 13th Street would be a great manner to make out and act upon the Gainesville community as a whole. In add-on, a park is one of the most cheap and safest diversions available to persons of all ages. The design of the park allows for multiple recreational activities such as jogging on the trails, playing athleticss in the field cardinal field, and loosen uping on the benches. This provides a broad array of amusement options that can be accessed easy and that anyone, irrespective of income, can take part in. Furthermore, a park can hold changing but every bit valuable benefits on different members of the community in which it is built. For case, immature kids can greatly profit from an unfastened environment as it allows them to research freely and see nature around them. Gloria DeGaetano, the laminitis of the Parent Coaching Institute, argues there s an of import theory in early-child instruction called the theory of loose parts, which means that kids need to pull strings things in a 3-dimensional environment to turn their encephalon . Besides, adolescents can be positively affected by holding a topographic point where they can take part in recreational activities and meet others while remaining out of problem. The San Antonio Parks and Recreation Department reported that diversion reduces offense and societal disfunction cut downing constabulary, justness and captivity costs . Finally, the aged can besides profit from this park by holding an appealing topographic point to exert. Statisticss from a survey of local park usage and personal wellness show that The bulk of older park users were physically active during their visit, with over 69 % obtaining moderate or high degrees of physical activity ( Payne, Orsega-Smith, Roy, A ; Godbey, 2002 ) . As Parkss promote physical activity they cut down fleshiness and prevent chronic unwellnesss such as coronary bosom disease and shot. This is particularly true for kids and immature grownups because bar normally starts from an early age. Those who are active when they are immature and acquire in the wont of running and playing have a greater opportunity of staying physically fit and healthy in the hereafter. The consequences of Physical Activity From Childhood to Adulthood: A 21-year Trailing Study support this thought by saying It was concluded that a high degree of physical activity at ages 9 to 18, particularly when uninterrupted, significantly predicted a high degree of big physical activity. Although the correlativities were low or moderate, we consider it of import that school-age physical activity appears to act upon big physical activity, and through it, the public wellness of the general population ( Telama et al. , 2005 ) . Not merely could this park positively affect the overall wellness of the metropolis s occupants, but it could besides salvage them 100s of dollars in medical measures. Table 4, below is besides portion of Harnik, and Welle s survey. Their findings for wellness attention nest eggs were the followers: ( Harnik, Welle, 2006 ) Harmonizing to Table 4, by merely exerting three yearss a hebdomad, active users under 65 saved over 70,000 dollars, and users over 65 saved over 6,000. In entire, physically active users saved themselves near to 20 million dollars more on wellness attention than inactive users did. It is clear, that a park would better the quality of life of those in the Gainesville community. With these short term and long term benefits the occupants of the metropolis will be able to populate happier and healthier lives. Comparative Analysis of Gainesville Parks There are more than 25 Parkss in the metropolis of Gainesville. The five following Parkss are the largest and most frequented Parkss in the metropolis. These Parkss have greatly increased the quality of life in Gainesville. However, there are presently no major Parkss near the vacant belongings on NW 13th Street. ( City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department, 2009 ) This belongings would do an first-class add-on to the community. Therefore, a park in this location would be ideal, supplying the citizens of the country a convenient and easy accessible park. This is illustrated in the diagram below. The first image is a map of all the Parkss and installations in Gainesville. The 2nd is a closer expression at NW 13th Street. The ruddy lineation shows NW 13th street and the bluish lineation shows where the majority of the metropolis Parkss are located. Gainesville Facilities Map: Close-up of NW 13th Street: Westside Park Westside Park is a park dedicated to the Gainesville community. It has racquetball tribunals, hoops tribunals, tennis tribunals, five baseball Fieldss, a resort area, and 1.5 stat mis of trails. Westside Park hosts activities for kids and grownups all throughout the twelvemonth. Behind Westside Park, is the Westside Skate Park, which is free to utilize. ( City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department, 2008 ) Northside Park Northside Park is home to Gainesville s lone public phonograph record golf class. There are besides four lit tennis tribunals, racquetball tribunals, a resort area and public public toilets. Pavilions are available for events. ( SK Creations, Inc. , 2010 ) Northeast Park Northeast Park was established in 1935 by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Northeast Park presently has baseball Fieldss, tennis tribunals, a resort area and trails. In the hereafter, they want to add a skate park to their installations. ( 10Thumbs Design, 2006 ) Lincoln Park Lincoln Park has two baseball Fieldss, a 440-yard exercise/jogging trail, two hoops tribunals, a resort area and public public toilets. It is located behind Lincoln Middle School. ( City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department, 2008 ) T.B. McPherson Park The T.B. McPherson Park is 15 square estates and is place to the T.B. McPherson diversion centre. It excessively has two baseball Fieldss, two hoops tribunals, tennis tribunals, and racquetball tribunals. The diversion centre features a swimming pool and outside, there are many picnic countries near the resort area. ( City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department, 2008 ) Detailed Analysis of Gainesville Parks These community Parkss offer a broad assortment of recreational activities for Gainesville occupants of all ages. Harmonizing to the 2008 Citizens Report, The Recreation Division conducts particular plans for young person including ; Thanksgiving and Halloween celebrations, drive-in films, swim meets, the Brain Bowl, Santa s Calling and Get Down Fridays. Organized athletic plans are offered for young person and grownups including hoops, playground ball, volleyball, association football, football and cheerleading. ( Gainesville Communications Office, 2008 ) All of these events are held at local Parkss and some of them are free of charge. Besides stated in the Citizen s Report was a long list of ways Gainesville s Parkss have increased the wellbeing of the community. 2008 high spots include: Served more than 1,500 young person and 2,200 grownups through organized athletic programming runing from Pop Warner cheerleading and hoops to indoor association football and more. Expanded adolescent summer scheduling offered in concurrence with the twenty-first Century grant to T.B. McPherson Held summer and spring interruption plans for 2,224 young person. Began a new adolescent summer plan for young person ages 14-17 at the Northeast Community Center. Expanded senior plans at the Thelma Boltin Center. Participated in the Summer Nutrition Program, supplying 110,000 repasts for young person 18 or younger during the summer months. Enrolled more than 475 in-between school pupils in the Westside, Kanapaha, Ft. Clarke and Eastside Teen Zone plans. This provided community young person with activities and service undertakings, such as sing nursing places and mentoring simple pupils at the Northeast Community Center. Involved about 800 participants in water sports plans, including swim lessons, Jr. Life guarding Camp, SHARKS swim squad, Dive-In Movies and more. Five local childs qualified for the Hershey Track and Field State Meet held in Hialeah, Florida in June. The Heatwave Basketball Program began as a consequence of a city/county partnership to supply athletic chances and life accomplishments developing to country teens functioning 192 teens. Volunteers worked for over 40 hours painting bathrooms and distributing mulch in the Northeast Dog Park. Interns and Field Experience pupils contributed over 5,000 hours of service to the Division. ( Gainesville Communications Office, 2008 ) Having Parkss in the community increases physical activity among kids and grownups. Whether it s playing on the resort area, swimming, take parting in youth conference athleticss, or merely walking the trail, Parkss provide gratifying exercising for all ages. Volunteer work is a large portion of keeping local Parkss and hosting events or activities. Volunteering brings together the whole community towards a good cause. It s besides a local cause, which makes the work important and close to the bosom. It is for this ground that a park does nt be much money to keep one time built. There is no demand to engage day-to-day employees and because the park is outside, there are no public-service corporation costs. The after-school plans, and those such as swimming lessons, provide parents with local options for their kids. Besides, since they are local and run largely by voluntaries, the monetary value is normally sensible and they know their money is traveling right back into the community. Constructing a local park can besides excite the local economic system by making a few occupations for citizens. The park will necessitate some lawn care, for illustration. Besides, the managers and staff of park plans and events will hold occupation chances. All of these factors that parks contribute to the community, significantly increase the quality of life within the community in a manner that will be profitable non merely to the community, but besides to the land proprietor. Therefore, based on the facts in this study and the analysis of environing Parkss, Group Charlie recommends constructing a park that will fulfill the demands of the community that the other Parkss lack. Beginnings: 10Thumbs Design. ( 2006 ) . Northeast park. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //10thumbs.org/gra/park/index.html Burnap, George. ( 1916 ) . Parks: their design, equipment and usage. Philadelphia: B. Lippincott Company. City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department. ( 2008, July 02 ) . Westside park. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cityofgainesville.org/Portals/0/rec/docs/rc_WestsideRecreation.pdf City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department. ( 2008, July 15 ) . Parks matrix. Retrieved from www.cityofgainesville.org/Portals/0/parks/docs/park_matrix.pdf City of Gainesville Recreation and Parks Department. ( 2009, June 01 ) . Gainesville installations. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cityofgainesville.org/LinkClick.aspx? fileticket=rMUR4XzT % 2BCM % 3D A ; tabid=259 Gainesville Communications Office. ( 2008, December 12 ) . 2008 Citizen. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cityofgainesville.org/Portals/0/cmo/2008citizensreport-lores.pdf Harnik, P. , A ; Welle, B. ( 2006 ) . Measuring the economic value of a metropolis park system. The Trust for Public Land, Retrieved February 24, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm? content_item_id=22879 A ; folder_id=3208 Ho, Ching-Hua, Laura Payne, Elizabeth Orsega-Smith, and Geoffrey Godbey. Parks, diversion and public wellness: Parkss and diversion better the physical and mental wellness of our state Research Update. N.p. : n.p. , 2003. N. pag. Web. 23 Feb. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1145/is_4_38/ai_100960607/ gt ; . Ingram, D.L. ( 1991 ) . Basic rules of landscape design. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg086 Karaim, Reed. A new epoch in drama. N.p. : USA Weekend, 2007. Web. 25 Feb. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.commercialfreechildhood.org/news/anewera.htm gt ; . New Dennis Park. [ Web ] . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dsni.org/images/comm_econ_power/new_dennis_park.jpg Schwartz, A. ( 2009, June ) . Good Parkss are good for the economic system. Gotham Gazette, Retrieved February 24, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gothamgazette.com/article/parks/20090624/14/2949 Payne, Laura, Elizabeth Orsega-Smith, Mark Roy, and Geoffrey Godbey. Local Park Use and Personal Health Among Older Adults: An Exploratory Study. Vol. 23. N.p. : n.p. , 2005. 1-20. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sagamorepub.com/ebooks/User/IP2005/jpra232/Article1.pdf gt ; . Sense of Community: A Publication from Calgary s Sense of Community Project. N.p. : n.p. , 2001. 1-3. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.calgary.ca/docgallery/bu/cns/sense_of_community_flyer.pdf gt ; . SK Creations, Inc. ( 2010 ) . Northside park. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.northsidepark.com/ Measure up to diversion with the San Antonio Parks and Recreation Department. San Antonio: City of San Antonio, 2009. N. pag. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sanantonio.gov/sapar/stepuptorecreation.asp gt ; . Telama, Risto, Xiaoling Yang, Jorma Viikari, IIkka Valimaki, and Olli Wanne. Physical activity from childhood to maturity: A 21-year trailing survey. Vol. 28. N.p. : Elsevier Inc. , 2005. 267-73. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ajpm-online.net/article/S0749-3797 % 2804 % 2900339-3/abstract gt ; .

1906 San Francisco Earthquake

1906 San Francisco Earthquake At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, an estimated magnitude 7.8 earthquake hit San Francisco, lasting for approximately 45 to 60 seconds. While the earth rolled and the ground split, the wooden and brick buildings of San Francisco toppled. Within half an hour of the San Francisco earthquake, 50 fires had erupted from broken gas pipes, downed power lines, and overturned stoves.   The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fires killed an estimated 3,000 people and left over half of the citys population homeless. Around 500 city blocks with 28,000 buildings were destroyed during this devastating natural catastrophe. The Earthquake Strikes San Francisco At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, a foreshock hit San Francisco. However, it offered just a quick warning, for massive devastation was soon to follow. Approximately 20 to 25 seconds after the foreshock, the large earthquake hit. With the epicenter near San Francisco, the entire city was rocked. Chimneys fell, walls caved in, and gas lines broke. Asphalt that covered the streets buckled and piled up as the ground seemed to move in waves like an ocean. In many places, the ground literally split open. The widest crack was an incredible 28 feet wide. The quake ruptured a total of 290 miles of the Earths surface along the San Andreas Fault, from northwest of San Juan Bautista to the triple junction at Cape Mendocino. Though most of the damage was focused in San Francisco (in large part because of the fires), the quake was felt all the way from Oregon to Los Angeles. Death and Survivors The earthquake was so sudden and the devastation so severe that many people didnt have time to even get out of bed before they were killed by falling debris or collapsed buildings. Others survived the quake but had to scramble out of the wreckage of their buildings, clothed only in pajamas. Others were naked or near naked. Standing out in the glass-strewn streets in their bare feet, survivors looked around them and saw only devastation. Building after building had been toppled. A few buildings were still standing, but had entire walls fall off, making them look somewhat like doll houses. In the hours that followed, survivors began helping neighbors, friends, family, and strangers who remained trapped. They attempted to retrieve personal possessions from the wreckage and scavenge some food and water to eat and drink.   Homeless, thousands upon thousands of survivors began wandering, hoping to find a safe place to eat and sleep. Fires Start Almost immediately after the earthquake, fires broke out across the city from broken gas lines and stoves that had fallen over during the shaking. The fires spread ferociously across San Francisco. Unfortunately, most of the water mains had also broken during the quake and the fire chief was an early victim of falling debris. Without water and without leadership, it seemed nearly impossible to put out the raging fires. The smaller fires eventually combined into larger ones.   South of Market Fire  - Located south of Market Street, the fire was curbed on the east by fireboats that could pump salt water. However, without water in the fire hydrants, the fire quickly spread both north and west.North of Market Fire  - Threatening an important commercial area and Chinatown, firefighters attempted to use dynamite to create firebreaks to stop the fire.  Ham and Eggs Fire  - Started when a survivor tried to make breakfast for her family not realizing that the chimney had been damaged. Sparks then ignited the kitchen, starting a new fire that soon threatened the Mission District and City Hall.Delmonico Fire  - Another cooking fiasco, this time started by soldiers trying to cook dinner in the ruins of the Delmonico Restaurant. The fire quickly grew. With the fires raging out of control, buildings that had survived the earthquake were soon engulfed in flame. Hotels, businesses, mansions, City Hall all were consumed. Survivors had to keep moving, away from their broken homes, away from the fires. Many found refuge in city parks, but often those too had to be evacuated as the fires spread. In just four days, the fires died out, leaving a trail of devastation behind. Aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake The quake and subsequent fire left 225,000 people homeless, destroyed 28,000 buildings, and killed approximately 3,000 people. Scientists are still trying to accurately calculate the magnitude of the quake. Since the scientific instruments used to measure the earthquake werent as reliable as more modern ones, scientists have yet to agree on the size of the magnitude. Most, however, place it between 7.7 and 7.9 on the Richter scale (a few have said as high as 8.3). Scientific study of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake led to the formation of the elastic-rebound theory, which helps explain why earthquakes occur. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was also the first large, natural disaster whose damage was recorded by photography.

Electron Beam Lithography Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Electron Beam Lithography - Lab Report Example The linewidth has a directly proportional linear relation with the dosage provided. Lower dosage results in a decrease of linewidth; though at very low quantities, line discontinuity dominates. The relation that defines Line Dose is- Therefore, a change in line dose (which in turn affects linewidth) can be brought about by altering the beam current, dwell time or line step-size (with the last one being inversely proportional to linewidth values). The thickness of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), which is often used as a resist in EBL, also has a linearly proportional relation with linewidth (Deng et al 2005). A reduction in PMMA thickness thins down the linewidth, and this can be done by either diluting the PMMA using Chlorobenzene, or using A series PMMA (in Anisole). Pattern resolution is primarily limited by either aberrations, or space charge. Furthermore, the feature resolution limit is determined by the forward scattering (effective beam broadening) in the resist, and the pitch resolution limit is determined by the secondary electron travel in the resist (Broers et al 1996). Reducing the beam spot size results in a decrease of the linewidth. The beam spot size is determined by two factors - the beam current (I), and the numerical aperture () - and hence, linewidth is also affected when a change is brought about in any of these factors.

Jesus Christ as viewed by the Muslims, Christians and the Jews Essay

Jesus Christ as viewed by the Muslims, Christians and the Jews - Essay Example Christianity, Islam and Judaism are three types of religions in which Jesus plays a different role as perceived by the believers. All the three religions know Jesus very well but they have a very different way of referring to Him. Likewise, the role that Jesus portrays in each of the religion is very much different, although all such roles are important. Let us view the theme how each religion views Jesus Christ according to their religious beliefs. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are three types of religions in which Jesus plays a different role as perceived by the believers. All the three religions know Jesus very well but they have a very different way of referring to Him. Likewise, the role that Jesus portrays in each of the religion is very much different, although all such roles are important. Let us view the theme how each religion views Jesus Christ according to their religious beliefs.

Front suspension system of motorcycle

Front suspension system of motorcycle CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIMS The main aim of this project is to Design and analyse of a front suspension system of motorcycle. The designing and modelling of the fork is done using Pro-Engineer (wildfire-4) and Stress analysis is undertaken by Ansys 11 softwares. 1.2 OBJECTIVES To get aware of deformations caused due to application of brakes to the fork of the front suspension system; To demonstrate detailed view of functioning of fork ; To show existence of various kind of front suspension systems used in motorcycles; Evolution of front suspension systems; To verify the benefits and the flaws of different front suspension systems, used right from the old age to modern age; To illustrate how the motorcycle keeps its balance and analyzing the factors that come into play while riding; Application of vibration modes, on suspension system of a motorcycle while riding. 1.3 INTRODUCTION TO MOTORCYCLE FRONT SUSPENSION SYSTEM A Motorcycle front fork connects a wheel and axle to its frame, by way of a pair of triple trees. The bike is steered by handle bars which are attached to the triple tree and also brake is provided to retard or stop the acceleration of the bike. There are loads of critical geometric parameters such as ‘Rake and ‘Trail which are establish by the fork and its attachment points on the frame, which usually play for handling and riding and dives as well during braking. Telescopic forks The term ‘Telescopic forks is defined because the tubes slide in and out of the body they are ‘Telescoping. The upper portion generally called as ‘Fork tubes (Male tubes) slides inside the fork bodies (Female tubes), which are lower part of the forks. Over more than century years of motorcycle improvement, different variety of front form arrangements have been attempted but some of them are still remain available nowadays. The most common form of front suspension for motorcycle now days are the ‘Telescopic fork Nimbus was the first manufacturer to produce a motorcycle with hydraulically damped telescopic forks in 1934.Early front suspension designs were used frames with springs. Greeves, a British manufacturer used a version of swinging arm for front suspension on their motocross design and also a single sided version suspension system is used in motor scooters such as the Vespa. Suspension system is equipped with large hydraulic shock absorbers with internal coil springs. The main work of the shock absorbers is to allow the front wheel to react to imperfections in the road while isolating the rest of the motorcycle from that motion. The Upper part (Top yoke) of the forks is connected to the motorcycles frame in triple tree clamp, which allows the forks to be turned while steering the bike. The Lower part (Bottom yoke) is fixed to the front axle around which front wheel rotates. The fork tubes should be smooth and mirrored finish, so as to seal the fork oil. Some fork tubes found on the off-road motorcycles are covered with plastic protective sleeves called as ‘Gaiters. The forks are constructed either of the conventional ‘right-side-up or sliding -female configuration, or the ‘Upside-down or Sliding -male configuration. In Both the cases, a cylindrical tube or piston sided axially within the cylindrical cylinder. Trail and Rake: ‘Trail is the measurement, on the ground, from a point which is projected through steering axis to the centre of the tyres contact patch below the axle. Trail determines the self centring stability of the steering as well. The triple clamps provide good lateral offset that the forks clear the sides of the front tyre. Usually Triple clamps are introduced to provide some measure of longitudinal offset as well, to alter the trail. Trail impacts directly on the steering stability of the motorcycle and its ‘return-to-center force. The trail is much affected by rake .Rake is defined as the angle between the vertical and steering axis. The steeper rake reduces the trail and trail itself is also affected by the longitudinal fork offset. More offset decreases the trail. The trail is also affected by axle offset. The trail increases in the case if the axle is coupled to the forks in front of their centre. Ride height: Sometimes rider desires to increase or decrease trail to change the steering feel so as to improve steering swiftness, or to eliminate high-speed shake, or to reduce a front end push. Ride height is simply defined as the forks extending up through the triple clamp. Decreasing the ride height by raising the forks farther through triple clamps in reality steepens the rake, which results in decreasing the trail. Alter in trail causes the effects to the rider to his ride height adjustments. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Motorcycles were first developed out of the bicycle frame, which certainly is rigid. Suspension systems were progressed over the years after critical researchers to filter out ground disturbances in more efficient ways. CHAPTER 3: 3.2 FORK FUNCTIONING: The weights are transmitted from inner tube to the outer tube or vice versa through the slider bushes which are placed between the two tubes. The bushes used for the good fork are critical because it should have a very low coefficient of friction as well as mounting tolerance. The system smoothness is totally dependent upon the friction forces developed during sliding movements as well as on the amount of stiction.The stiction is at maximum at â€Å"Moto incipiente â€Å",,When the initiation of the movement occurs between the surfaces. This stage is called as static friction. In Designing and fabrication of the slider bushes, the problem of sliding friction always stand for a weak point in the front fork of the vehicle. If we compare it, for example, to the rear suspension in which there is practically no sliding due to the displacements consists of rotations around the bearings. The suspension settings can be achieved by the stiffness of the spring, as well as the damping provided by the hydraulic part, to which is added the resistance given by the sliding friction. It is difficult to predict what the suspension behaviour operates and its proper functioning is taking cared by the availability of friction. In the design stage, limiting friction forces require that the loads on the bushes be minimized, boosting movement of the unit. When the fork is extended fully, only a small segment of the slider tube enters inside the sleeve. Hence at this stage its overlap is reduced to a minimum. This is also constitutes the least rigid configuration of the whole system. At the end of the travel, as a substitute of the fork tube overlap extreme therefore maintaining the stiffness. 3.3 FORK STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS: Certain forces acts on the fork leg while the vehicle is in motion. Two cases can be considered which helps us to derive fork stresses as well as deformation. They are (i) Fork flexure due to vertical loads: The flexure due to vertical loads involves the stresses which act on by weight of the motorcycle plus rider. Also stresses tend to develop due to road surface irregularities such as through potholes, steps ridges, etc. Actually these stresses are considered negligible for example, If we travel in the city at The ‘Moment of flexure or ‘Bending moment is generated when the vertical load is finally applied to the wheel. The moment of flexure or bending moment gradually increases as the fork is inclined. When with the same force applied, the bending moment will reach to the maximum in the case of fork extended fully and vice versa the bending moment will be minimum with the maximum compression. Therefore the values vary as the changes occur in the arm of the force applied. The stresses are less when the slider bushes are closer to the wheel spindle and are expected to function better. When the rider passing over dip holes in the ground in the road surface, the vertical loads can attempt very high values, hence the frame structure has to be stiff enough to avoid excessive deformation and simultaneously it should have the capability to absorb all the immediate bumps whenever the suspension bottoms out. At the front end the area, steering head tube receives the heavy stress .whereas, at the rear end connecting rods as well as the shock mounting come under the greater stress. When the motorcycle is stationary, the load values that appear during normal use are two to three times as big as static loads which are normally acting on the wheels. If we consider a medium powered street bike which is kindly moving on a bumpy road with a high speed and if the wheel bounce on hole then the stress exerted on the structure may be hundred of kilos or more. Maximum load values can take place when the off-street bikes jumps and cross over the obstacles. (ii) Fork flexure due to braking force: As it is the known fact that when braking force is applied to the wheel, then it is obvious to the wheel, experiencing the deformations upon different circumstances of road. In this case, Bending will greater as the length of the fork is high. The highly noticeable point of interest is that the deformation due to vertical forces is opposite to the deformation due to the braking force. In the previous case we observed that, during braking, because of the weight transfer effect, the front load increases; i.e. there cant be a braking force without an increase in vertical load. When the brakes are applied to the bike then some strong longitudinal forces are created, giving rise to bending moment that gets stronger as it rises from the ground to the steering head tube, finally transmitted to the whole frame. The steering head tube experiences the strongest moment. The steering head tube is the point with the least depth of section, which is the major plane of stress. Due to this considerations observed, detailed research and study has undergone to give the actual design dimensions of the whole steering tube. On this part of flexure happens during the big thrust of acceleration would definitely cause trail variation. When the braking stress dies out for example; when entering a corner, there would be an annoying elastic rebound action in response. Meanwhile the rear fork doesnt experience much stress during braking as front fork does. The above two effects (i) Flexure due to vertical load as well as (ii) Flexure due to braking force will certainly oppose each other and within the deceleration range of characteristics of motorcycle, depending upon Cg height, wheel base and fork inclination. In general fork flexing during braking is not as severe as one might think. Deformation due to torsional forces: The twisting forces which derived are as follows The alignment is poor between the fork axis and equilibrium forces; The components of equilibrium forces perpendicular to the fork axis and out of alignment with it; The couple which applied by the rider to the steering head. The resultant deformation is said to be very harmful for handling because the wheel does not respond properly according to the direction of control set by the rider of the vehicle. Effect of deformation on functionality: It is clear straight away that the presence of fork deformation makes the proper sliding inside one another more complex to the point of potentially impeding it. When the bike is in motion, the deformation is at highest at most critical circumstances such as brake application and corner entry. 3.4 DIFFERENT DESIGN TYPES OF FRONT SUSPENSION SYSTEM Telescopic forks are mainly classified into two kinds which are used in practical applications in daily routine life. They are Traditional or standard which is equipped with an internal tube, the one with smaller diameter in the upper postion, fixed to the frame. Upside Down or Inverted which is equipped with internal tube in the lower position, which is fixed to the frame. The hydraulic as well as elastic fundamentals of these kinds can be simply comparable in order to know the different responses of the same motorcycle equipped with two distinct types of forks. There are some manufacturers whom have created a ‘Cartridge containing the hydraulic part which can be easily mounted onto each of the applications being tested. The first telescopic fork prototypes was designed right after the Second World War, were laid out with little attention as to whether they were in traditional or upside down form. In the sixties, the majority of the forks produced was traditional type whereas Upside down design came into the existence at the beginning of the eighties. The upside down design was popularised back into circulation of sport bike applications. Contrast between Traditional and Upside Down form of telescopic forks: Benefits of Tradional form: Less number of components, given that the wheel attachments and axle lug derive directly out of lower stanchion which also keeps weight down; Unsprung mass weight is slightly reduced; Tubes slides in areas that are more protected from bumps and dirt. Benefits of Upside down form: It has superior torsional stiffness with the same weight, where the tube has larger diameter and is positioned in upper area, which deals with greater stress from the bending moment; Strong attachment between the tubes and the triple clamps which have large tube diameters. The above comparison between the two applications says that one is absolutely better than other. So, in this case upside down layout presents more advantages in the terms of stiffness which makes ideal for some sport-oriented applications. Both the applications Traditional as well as Upside down forks are characterized by Different stiffnesss; Different weight distribution; Different values of unsprung weight; Different center of gravity heights between the steering and the ground; Different values of inertia around the steering head axis. There are some other types of unconventional fork types and can be classified into the groups. They are Swinging front fork or Pivoted; Parallelogram linkage or Girders; Straight line slider guides; Paralever linkage. a) Swinging front fork : This type of fork was especially used on the earliest bike models and it is a very simple construction solution. In practical, it reproduces the geometry of the rear fork, along with a n arm that usually rests on a fulcrum which is placed on the steering column, making the fork rotate in one piece along with the steering head. Depending upon whether the arm is compressed or extended during braking, leading link or trailing link front forks are discovered. In both the cases of the forks, the layout may be seen to be symmetrical to the head angle with two arms or it may consist of only one arm. For scooter models, Pivoted front fork suspension is adopted, but they are almost rare when coming to high performance vehicles. The main characteristics of swinging front fork suspension system are as follows. In Smoothness ,They are very smooth when the rotations are assured by rolling bearings eliminating stiction; When the matter comes to design construction, the stiffness may be better or sometimes worst. The connecting rod linkage systems have never been used to gain progressive rates; it is easy enough to obtain progressive spring rather. The inertia is high around the steering axis and the unsprung masses have moderate weights which are totally dependent upon the type of construction used for the forks If we compare both leading link as well as trailing link, it will be the great point of interest. Leading link: In mid 1950s, the world champion Moto Guzzis which are the best handling racing machines of their period, were installed with leading link. The leading link consist of a tubular or pressed steel structure which connects the steering column in the link pivots and slot in for the suspension struts. The links appear to be independent or formed by a single U-shaped loop around the back of the wheel. In the case of the links separation, their resistance to independent movement as in the type of telescopic fork, depends upon the rigidity if their attachment to the wheel. If the wheel has large- diameter spindle then it also haves large wheel bearing and the most convenient and efficient method is a loop behind the wheel and a smaller -diameter spindle. Benefits of leading fork are as follows Quality of detail design Possibility of greater rigidity. Greater stability on the fork Precise control over the steering. The lack of stiction enhances the sensitivity to the small undulations and also any degree of anti -dive under heavy braking. The wheel has precise path which usually depends on the relative heights of the wheel spindle and link pivots. Because of the curve shaped, these forks are highly unsuited for the large movements which are usually used on modern off road machines. In the leading link during braking the anti-dive behaviour can be seen. The anti dive behaviour tries to extend the suspension, in the case of application of braking force that is applied to the fork .The Anti -dive behaviour can be prevented by fixing brake calliper to a torque arm which is connected to the steering. In this case, spontaneous center of rotation may be positioned so as to create anti-dive behaviour. Trailing link: The trailing link differs from that of leading link in many ways like the link pivots of the wheel spindle are ahead, not behind. The demerit of this kind of fork is higher steering inertia, since the bulk of the mass is relatively far from the steering axis, which has an effect that partially offset by the smaller amount of material required to reach the pivots. In the trailing link during braking, the pro-dive effect occurs which is quite similar to the traditional fork .In this case as well brake torque arm will be introduced along with fixing brake callipers in order to get the proper effect when braking. b) Parallelogram linkage or Girders: Girder forks are widely used now a days which is also considered for their excellent steering. Due to friction dampers, the performance was generally limited and very crude by current hydraulic standards. The links which operates the suspension system were short and due to this kind of forks are very much suitable for small amount of suspension movement. One of the forks namely Vincent â€Å"Girdaulic† was most sophisticated. It consists of light -alloy blades and one-piece upper as well as lower link assemblies. The trail for this fork was readily adjustable. Springs were adjusted in the long telescopic tubes, behind the uprights, but the hydraulic damper was separate, mounted in front of the head stock. The lateral stiffness was boosted by a plate which will bridge the front of the blades. Hydraulic damping is employed against suspension movement and also to damp out steering excursions, a damper was used. The most recently released linkage designs comes under this category. The main characteristics of the parallelogram linkage are as follows The smoothness of the fork is outstanding, since sliding friction is substituted by rolling friction i.e. Sliding movements are kindly replaced by rotations around the roller bearings; It has got adequate amount of stiffness enhanced by the design construction; The progressive rate of the suspension can be incorporated; The trajectory control is excellent which is highly dependent on type of fork used. It is possible to have different types of wheel trajectories with the help of parallelogram linkage system. The trajectory can be considered perpendicular to the ground, maintaining the same wheel base, or to obtain certain degree of anti-dive it may be inclined forward, in the beginning phrase. The trail control is good. In this case, it is highly possible to create constant trail geometry with varying travel .It can be increased or decreased according to riding behaviour of the vehicle. Depending upon the fork design, the unsprung weigh could be less but the net weight of the suspension remains constant. The most popular design solutions used in automotive industry are as follows Solution (a): In this type of solution, the fork legs are allowed longer along with mounting brake callipers. Like single sided rear fork, the links that hold the wheel can also be asymmetrical. The steering is controlled by positioned links. Solution (b): It is rarely employed and characterized by high steering masses and substantial inertia, less bulk and steering control is high. Section (c): This type is rarely employed. The leg length is reduced to make large wheel travel. Kinematic loads will be large with such a short fork legs. Solution (d): This kind of solution is generally employed for light motorcycles and has been introduced right after the Second World War. The steering control is good but it imposes limits on the steering mass size and on trajectories available to the wheel. Because the links are located at certain altitude, the stresses on the links due ot the forces are very tough. Solution (e): This kind of solution has been introduced in most advanced applications. In general, it unites all the advantages offered by girder solutions. When it comes to design of the fork, it experiences some drawbacks in the terms of the looks. The horizontal arms have to be long enough to allow the wheel to be steered. Due to this factor, it could be a strong limit the maximum steering angle value, which usually restricting the use of this solution to the street bikes. The links controls the steering; offering the possibility to position the shock absorber in areas that make the mountings powerful and fabrication is easy. Through connecting rod system, the steering control may be easily constructed. Solution (f): This solution is quite similar to the solution (e), but it does not allow offset of the wheel with respect to the steering head axis or zero offset. Due to the large diameter bearings in order to house the steering kingpin, the wheel hub center becomes complicated. (c) Straight -line slider guides: Straight-line slider guides are especially regarded by the same geometry as the rear fork when speaking about the controlling the trajectory of the point O point and trail are concerned. Practically, the cylindrical slider is replaced by a straight line slider but of rolling type. The classic shock absorber is represented as the damping element in this case, while rolling guide bearings are similar to ones used for highly developed mechanical machining work. The Advantages of Straight-line slider guides are as follows à ¼ It enhances better smoothness; à ¼ It hails limited play as well as has got good stiffness; The limitations of straight-line slide guides are as follows The main problem is difficulty in positioning the two disc brakes Asymmetry-it gives rise to bothersome moment around the steering axis. (d) Paralever linkage This type of solution is generally considered as a corrupted parallelogram linkage system because, the upper linking bar is missing and also the suspension function is done by a slider derived from intermediary part that becomes a sort of fork. Advantages of paralever linkage system are as follows: The sliding motion in this case is simpler when compare it to standard fork The transmission ratio is 1:1 in this case as the steering is directly connected to the tubes. Limitations of Paralever linkage are as follows: It is more mechanically complex than a traditional fork and generally bulky due to the presence of horizontal arm. (e) Mechanical anti-dive system: In the field of racing, mechanical anti-dive type fork systems have been introduced to limit their tendency to front end dive. In this case, By means of a series of links, the braking force sustained by the brake calliper is transferred to the chasis, opposing its tendency to dive. The mechanical anti-dive system has been not recognised universally because of the following problems incurred. Making of brake callipers is difficult in this case which mounts rigid enough, with possible braking power loss and aswell as formation of micro-vibrations. The systems weight is high Moment of inertia is increased over the steering masses Less amount of effort have made in vehicles handling. (f) Hydraulic anti-dive system: Mechanical anti dive system has been replaced by hydraulic-anti system. Hence they are increasingly rare. The hydraulic anti-system is totally based on the hydraulic braking usually when the brakes are applied, by blocking the passages. When the hydraulic brakes are made too strong thus it becomes difficult to absorb small irregularities in the road surface, especially during the complex way of entering the corner of the road. CHAPTER 4: STRAIGHT LINE MOTION The topic straight line motions deals with How the motorcycle keeps its balance analyzing the factors that come into play which can simply help the rider to maintain the motorcycle in a vertical and stable position while travelling. The factors that are responsible for maintaining the straight line motion path are Inertia effects Gyroscopic effects Righting effects. 4.1 INERTIA EFFECTS The product if mass multiplied by the velocity of a body gives the quantity of motion of the body. Due to greater value of this is, the less influence external forces will have on trajectory. For example, lets assume that a motorcycle is travelling at high speed such as 100km/h then the vehicle also attains a velocity of 10 km/h perpendicular to the original trajectory as shown in fig a. If the motorcycle moves at slower speed of 10km/h, then the same component velocity influenced by the gust of wind brings variation in the direction of travel as shown in fig b. Hence as the velocity increases, small directional variations orthogonal to original direction will bring smaller angular variation. Therefore, now we can state that the greater the forward velocity, the more difficult is to move the vehicle from its initial straight-line trajectory. The same concept can be applied to mass like heavier a body is; the more it resists changes to its speed and direction. In the figure, Vint = initial velocity Vres = resultant velocity dV = variation in velocity ÃŽ ± = angular variation in velocity. 4.2 GYROSCOPIC EFFECTS: When every time a body spins rapidly on its axis and simultaneously is to set into rapid spin around a second axis is referred as gyroscopic effects or a moment that eventually acts around a third axis perpendicular to the other two. In routine life, gyroscopic effects can be seen for example, a spinning of bicycle wheel in between ones hands illustrates gyroscopic effect. If the wheel is set to keep axially parallel to it and raise and lower the wheel straight up and down then we can notice no opposing action on our hands. Hence it can be said that the opposing vertical force is needed to perform the action will never be more than the weight of the wheel itself. Now in the next trial if the axis of the wheel is turned in clockwise motion around vertical axis, as if we were holding the steering handlebars. In this case, we will notice that our arms are affected by a couple that tends to rotate them around the longitudinal axis. From the following experiment, certain conclusions can be drawn Gyroscopic effects will be more when the wheel rotates faster The intensity of the reaction will differ obviously, if the axis is tilted faster or slower. 4.3 RIGHTING EFFECTS: The parameter righting effects is profoundly influenced by the geometrical characteristics of the steering unit of the motorcycle. The correct combination of these factors gives positive results for the awareness of stability. Righting effects can be depend upon the following phenomenons Steering axis Rake angle (Castor) Trail 4.3.1 Steering axis: Regardless of structure of motorcycle suspension they are characterized by a front wheel suspension by a front wheel steering, because front wheel is free to rotate around the axis which is called as steering axis. In general, the steering axis in the bicycles is referred as Head angle and is measured clockwise from the horizontal when viewed from right hand side. A 90 ° head angle would be vertical. For example a 2007 Filmore, which was designed for the track with a head angle, varies right from 72.5  ° to 74  °, depending upon frame structure and size. 4.3.2 Rake angle: In the case of front suspension, it is very easy to identify steering axis especially in the telescopic fork because the steering axis coincides with the axis of the guide bearings inside the slider around which the fork rotates. This steering axis is present in all automotive type suspensions is inclined with respect to the vertical angle known as Rake angle. Rake angle is measured usually in degrees from zero. Inclination of rake angle (ÃŽ µ): If we increase the angle of the steering axis then we should also increase the value of trail. Usually the steeper the inclination of the rake angle, the motorcycle tends to be more stable directionally. Some grand prix bikes meant for competitive or sports oriented uses smaller rake angles such as little as 21 ° rake angle. custom made bikes have modified a steeper rake angle beginning from 28 ° and reaching 40 °. 4.3.3 Trail: The Trail of the front suspension system is defined as the distance between the point of intersection of the axis with the ground and the contact point of the front wheel w